Both of "理解する" and "分かる" have the basic meaning of "understanding". However, there are some difference.
Case1: When you are asked some question which you can answer without thinking.
考えなくても答えられるものについて聞かれた場合
Q
:社長がいつ帰ってくるか
、分かりますか
? (Do you know when the president will return?)
A
:分かりません (I don't know)
→この場合、「理解」は使いません。
Case2: When you are asked some difficult question which you cannot answer without thinking.
考えなければ答えられない、難しい問題について聞かれた場合
Q
:このレポートの含意が分かりますか
? (Do you understand the implication of this report?)
A
:分かります or 理解できます (I understand)
→考える必要があるものには、「分かる」「理解できる」の両方を使えます
On this case, you can use both of them.
Case3:
「理解
」 can be used for expressing positive evaluation
肯定的評価を示すための「理解」
Q:彼が仕事をやめた理由はわかりますか? (Do you know the reason why he quitted his job?)
A
:わかりますが
、理解はできません (I know it, but I don't agree with his decision.)
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